Japan has been generating municipal solid waste at an annual volume of approximately 50 million tones or more since 1989 (Ministry of the Environment, Japan, 2006). Degradation of garbage is achieved either physicochemically or microbially. Most household solid organic waste is incinerated and its residue, the ash, is disposed into the landfills at present. It is a lack of disposal capacity, however with final disposal site having an average capacity of only another 13.2 years. To solve the problem it is necessary to implement the waste recycling measures, taking into account the reduction of waste, reuse and prolongation of the life of products and parts, the recycling of waste, and the appropriate disposal as the final waste.
Most household solid organic waste in Japan is incinerated and its residue (i.e. ash) is disposed in landfills. If the anaerobic digestion from such organic wastes could be undertaken on a large scale, a simple and effective means of reducing the amounts of such organic waste would be possible. Anaerobic processes yielding significant amount of molecular hydrogen in the gas phase are referred to as hydrogen fermentation processes. We found that large amount of hydrogen gas can be generated when organic wastes and a certain type of incineration ash were held mixedly under anaerobic conditions although the mechanism of this phenomenon is unknown. We investigated whether hydrogen could be generated by biological or chemical processes from mixtures of the organic waste and incineration ash. Hydrogen production in culture was measured for combinations of five types of incineration ashes and a compost as the typical organic waste. A significant amount of hydrogen was generated only from the culture of the compost and the one among five of the tested incineration ashes (the KS ash).
Copyright: | © IWWG International Waste Working Group | |
Quelle: | Workshop H (Oktober 2007) | |
Seiten: | 7 | |
Preis inkl. MwSt.: | € 7,00 | |
Autor: | H. Sawamura Masato Yamada Tomohiro Naruoka Michihiko Ike Ishigaki | |
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Perkolationsverfahren MBA Kahlenberg
© Witzenhausen-Institut für Abfall, Umwelt und Energie GmbH (4/2008)
Der Zweckverband Abfallbehandlung Kahlenberg (ZAK) ist ein öffentlich-rechtliches Unternehmen mit derzeit ca. 70 Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern. Der Geschäftssitz und der Betriebsstandort befinden sich auf dem Kahlenberg in Ringsheim. Zwei Landkreise, Emmendingen und der Ortenaukreis, bilden den Zweckverband. Seit 1973 betreibt der ZAK die Deponie Kahlenberg, auf der insgesamt etwa sechs Millionen Tonnen Abfälle eingelagert wurden.
Mass balance of three municipal solid waste landfilling schemes
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The results presented in this paper are issued from ELIA (Environmental Landfill Impact Assessment) research program investigations conducted by the CRPE (Veolia Environmental Services Research Centre) and supported by ADEME (the French Agency for Environment and Energy Management). Three waste landfilling schemes have been evaluated through the construction and follow-up of semi-industrial devices. Mechanical and Biological Treatment (MBT) before landfilling has been compared to the conventional landfill and the concept of bioreactor. 34 months of monitoring led to the establishment of different mass balances (carbon, nitrogen) as well as the estimation of the dry mass losses occurring during the treatment and their repartition between the liquid and gaseous phases
APPLICATION OF DR4 AND BM100 BIODEGRADABILITY TESTS TO TREATED AND UNTREATED ORGANIC WASTES
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
The Landfill Directive 1999/31/EC (European Council 1999) requires the progressive diversion
of biodegradable municipal waste (BMW) from landfill in order to reduce fugitive emissions of
CH4 from landfills. In the U.K. most municipal solid waste (MSW) is landfilled and as this
contains approximately 68% BMW this represents a significant challenge. The Environment Agency estimates that for England alone the amount of BMW landfilled in 2001/2 was 15 million tonnes and this will need to be reduced to 5.22 million tonnes in 2020. Annual, and in most cases, decreasing allowances for landfilling BMW have been set for Waste Disposal Authorities (WDAs) within the U.K. under national Landfill Allowance Schemes (Defra 2006). Strategies need to be developed and implemented by WDAs to meet these targets.
BIOLOGICAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM ORGANIC WASTE
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
Energy is fundamental for life and the development of the society. The global energy request is satisfied from fossil fuels which are currently used as primary energy source and found economic convenience for transport and production of energy for industrial and house requests. Emerging scientific evidences are proving climate change effects from the use of fossil fuels caused by the emissions of COx, NOx, SOx, CxHx, dust and ash, produced during combustion processes and released in atmosphere. Hydrogen is receiving higher interest to avoid fossil fuels consumption and climate changing. It cannot be considered as a primary energy source but it could be transported, stored and used like other primary energy sources.
DISCONTINUOUS AND BATCH PRODUCTION OF BIOHYDROGEN FROM BIOWASTE BY FERMENTATION
© IWWG International Waste Working Group (10/2007)
To guarantee future energy supply, available and new regenerative energy sources need to be exploited. Hydrogen is a clean CO2-neutral energy source (Maddy et al., 2003), and can be produced chemically or by using biological processes. Furthermore, hydrogen can be easily stored and transported. The use of hydrogen in fuel cells is environmentally friendly because the exhaust gas only consists of pure water vapour.